Biology Education in Singapore

Biology is a core science subject covering living organisms and life processes. It is available from Secondary 3 through Junior College, with applications in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science.

Biology Levels

Level	Subject	Examination
Secondary 3-4	Pure Biology / Combined Science	O Level
JC 1-2	H1 Biology / H2 Biology	A Level

Cell Biology

Cell biology covers the structure and function of cells, the basic units of life. Understanding cellular processes is fundamental to biology.

Cell Structure

Cell organelles and functions
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
Cell membrane structure
Microscopy techniques

Cell Processes

Diffusion and osmosis
Active transport
Cell division (mitosis, meiosis)
Enzyme action

Genetics and Evolution

Genetics covers DNA, inheritance, and genetic variation. Evolution explains how species change over time through natural selection.

Genetics Topics

Topic	Key Concepts
DNA and genes	Structure, replication, protein synthesis
Inheritance	Mendelian genetics, genetic crosses
Mutations	Types, causes, effects
Evolution	Natural selection, speciation

Human Physiology

Human physiology covers body systems and their functions. Understanding how systems work together maintains homeostasis.

Body Systems

Digestive system
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Excretory system

Regulation

Nervous system
Endocrine system
Homeostasis
Immune system

Getting Started

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Study Approach

Learn terminology — Biology has specific vocabulary that must be understood precisely.
Understand processes — Focus on how biological processes work, not just memorization.
Use diagrams — Visual representations help understand structures and processes.
Connect systems — Body systems work together; understand their interactions.